Walkthroughs
Defining Custom Elements

4min
In our previous example, we started with a paragraph, but we never actually told Slate anything about the paragraph block type. We just let it use its internal default renderer, which uses a plain old <div>.
But that's not all you can do. Slate lets you define any type of custom blocks you want, like block quotes, code blocks, list items, etc.
We'll show you how. Let's start with our app from earlier:
Text
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '&') {
            event.preventDefault()
            editor.insertText('and')
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '&') {
            event.preventDefault()
            editor.insertText('and')
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}
﻿
Now let's add "code blocks" to our editor.
The problem is, code blocks won't just be rendered as a plain paragraph, they'll need to be rendered differently. To make that happen, we need to define a "renderer" for code element nodes.
Element renderers are just simple React components, like so:
Text
// Define a React component renderer for our code blocks.
const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}
// Define a React component renderer for our code blocks.
const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}
﻿
Easy enough.
See the props.attributes reference? Slate passes attributes that should be rendered on the top-most element of your blocks, so that you don't have to build them up yourself. You must mix the attributes into your component.
And see that props.children reference? Slate will automatically render all of the children of a block for you, and then pass them to you just like any other React component would, via props.children. That way you don't have to muck around with rendering the proper text nodes or anything like that. You must render the children as the lowest leaf in your component.
And here's a component for the "default" elements:
Text
const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
﻿
Now, let's add that renderer to our Editor:
Text
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  // Define a rendering function based on the element passed to `props`. We use
  // `useCallback` here to memoize the function for subsequent renders.
  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        // Pass in the `renderElement` function.
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '&') {
            event.preventDefault()
            editor.insertText('and')
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}

const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}

const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  // Define a rendering function based on the element passed to `props`. We use
  // `useCallback` here to memoize the function for subsequent renders.
  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        // Pass in the `renderElement` function.
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '&') {
            event.preventDefault()
            editor.insertText('and')
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}

const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}

const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
﻿
Okay, but now we'll need a way for the user to actually turn a block into a code block. So let's change our onKeyDown function to add a ``Ctrl-``` shortcut that does just that:
Text
// Import the `Editor` and `Transforms` helpers from Slate.
import { Editor, Transforms } from 'slate'

const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '`' && event.ctrlKey) {
            // Prevent the "`" from being inserted by default.
            event.preventDefault()
            // Otherwise, set the currently selected blocks type to "code".
            Transforms.setNodes(
              editor,
              { type: 'code' },
              { match: n => Editor.isBlock(editor, n) }
            )
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}

const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}

const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
// Import the `Editor` and `Transforms` helpers from Slate.
import { Editor, Transforms } from 'slate'

const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '`' && event.ctrlKey) {
            // Prevent the "`" from being inserted by default.
            event.preventDefault()
            // Otherwise, set the currently selected blocks type to "code".
            Transforms.setNodes(
              editor,
              { type: 'code' },
              { match: n => Editor.isBlock(editor, n) }
            )
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}

const CodeElement = props => {
  return (
    <pre {...props.attributes}>
      <code>{props.children}</code>
    </pre>
  )
}

const DefaultElement = props => {
  return <p {...props.attributes}>{props.children}</p>
}
﻿
Now, if you press ``Ctrl-``` the block your cursor is in should turn into a code block! Magic!
But we forgot one thing. When you hit ``Ctrl-``` again, it should change the code block back into a paragraph. To do that, we'll need to add a bit of logic to change the type we set based on whether any of the currently selected blocks are already a code block:
Text
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '`' && event.ctrlKey) {
            event.preventDefault()
            // Determine whether any of the currently selected blocks are code blocks.
            const [match] = Editor.nodes(editor, {
              match: n => n.type === 'code',
            })
            // Toggle the block type depending on whether there's already a match.
            Transforms.setNodes(
              editor,
              { type: match ? 'paragraph' : 'code' },
              { match: n => Editor.isBlock(editor, n) }
            )
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}
const App = () => {
  const editor = useMemo(() => withReact(createEditor()), [])
  const [value, setValue] = useState([
    {
      type: 'paragraph',
      children: [{ text: 'A line of text in a paragraph.' }],
    },
  ])

  const renderElement = useCallback(props => {
    switch (props.element.type) {
      case 'code':
        return <CodeElement {...props} />
      default:
        return <DefaultElement {...props} />
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <Slate editor={editor} value={value} onChange={value => setValue(value)}>
      <Editable
        renderElement={renderElement}
        onKeyDown={event => {
          if (event.key === '`' && event.ctrlKey) {
            event.preventDefault()
            // Determine whether any of the currently selected blocks are code blocks.
            const [match] = Editor.nodes(editor, {
              match: n => n.type === 'code',
            })
            // Toggle the block type depending on whether there's already a match.
            Transforms.setNodes(
              editor,
              { type: match ? 'paragraph' : 'code' },
              { match: n => Editor.isBlock(editor, n) }
            )
          }
        }}
      />
    </Slate>
  )
}
﻿
And there you have it! If you press ``Ctrl-``` while inside a code block, it should turn back into a paragraph!
Updated 09 May 2024
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